Bangladesh at Crossroads, Hasina Stares at Death Sentence
Sham kangaroo court rigs court judgment; Awami League out of democratic contest, puts big question mark on political stability in Dhaka. International Crimes Tribunal has sentenced former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina to death for alleged crimes against humanity linked to the deadly crackdown on anti-government protests in 2024. This has led to a huge escalation of Bangladesh’s ongoing political turmoil. The verdict pronounced under tight security is one of the most important turning points in Dhaka’s modern political history. Hasina, who has been living in exile in India since she lost power, has called the trial politically motivated and the tribunal a “kangaroo court.” She was tried in absentia and raises serious concerns about due process, independence of judiciary, and brings into question credibility of Bangladesh’s democratic institutions. The protests in 2024 which led to the charges were culmination of years of planning by Jameet-e-Islami through its student organization, Islami Chhatra Shibir. Jamaat that has had never supported separate Bangladesh and accused Hasina led Awami League party of repression and the systematic destruction of political opposition. In mid-2024, Bangladesh experienced nationwide uprising triggered by quota issue. What began as a focused protest against job-quotas for families of those that led the country’s liberation was interpreted by students as evidence of widespread patronage and entrenched systemic inequality, soon morphed into a national movement against Hasina led Awami League government. As protests mounted, campuses became sites of resistance with Islami Chattra Shibir leading protests, mobilizing tens of thousands of people in Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi and elsewhere. Islamists (via student organizations affiliated with Jamaat) and Chinese-backed NGOs and scholars (who studied Bangladesh) seemed to have strategically aligned. Certain student fronts opposed to the government had connections to Chinese scholarship programmes and madrasa networks in Pakistan if one were to go by intelligence networks. This improbable alliance took advantage of popular turmoil, with religious feelings on one side and economic concerns on the other. In essence, Hasina’s secular, pro-India stance was opposed by both Beijing’s power cadres and proxies of Pakistani descent in Bangladesh. By end of July, the issue hit a breaking point when masked students wearing green and red head scarves, colours long linked to Islami Chhatra Shibir (ICS) backed by Pakistan’s Jamaat-e-Islami, took control of open microphones. According to BD News24, the protest narrative shifted from technical reforms to outright regime change as newcomers yelled “Hasina Must Go” and even wartime chant “Pakistan zindabad.” According to Home-Ministry status assessment which was later reprinted in a white paper published in 2024, ICS cadres were “co-ordinating via encrypted chat groups hosted on foreign servers” and had “embedded themselves in at least nine university convening committees.” Due to rampant unrest and a political landscape that was changing in ways that could no longer be reversed, Hasina resigned on August 5, 2024 and fled to India. This was an extraordinary fall for a democratically elected leader who had been in the seat of Bangladeshi politics for more than 15 years. In retrospect, a deft combination of street violence, calculated deception and narrative capture led to overthrow of previous government in Bangladesh. Global rights-media outlets, desperate for a story of young liberation, filtered the carnage through a camera lens that saw only state bullets and never sectarian machetes; China hedged, making sure its projects were compensated; Pakistan lit the match and provided the online accelerant; and the United States, by framing the crisis in purely procedural terms, dragged moral ballast away from a secular government that had prosecuted war-crimes Islamists. Sheikh Hasina’s fifteen-year leadership came to an end in very trying circumstances and Bangladesh entered a period where the loudest slogan, spread by fastest botnet now determines who controls the delta. Anadolu Agency reports that violence that lasted from mid-July to early August 2024 claimed lives of at least 580 people. Hasina’s resignation and appointment of a caretaker government were announced in public by the army head of Bangladesh at the time. On August 8, 2024, Muhammad Yunus, purportedly, a longtime opponent of dictatorship, took office as interim government’s chief adviser. With promises to “restore order,” the transitional cabinet was composed of numerous student leaders and civil society leaders. A caretaker cabinet headed by Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus and supported by the military, within twenty days of taking office promising “inclusive politics”, on 28 August 2024, revoked terrorist label and reinstated Jamaat’s civil liberties and freed more than seventy mid-level organisers. Islamist terrorist groups were more daring as a result of the ideological shift and power vacuum. Weapons were stolen, government facilities were attacked, police stations and government buildings were set on fire. In keeping with previous Jamaat agitation, democratically elected Awami League party offices were fire-bombed and police found leaflets advising peasants to refrain from paying taxes until “pro-India regime falls.” Attacks on liberal bloggers and Hindu temples were reported to be occurring more often in late 2024 and early 2025. According to witnesses, local Islamist insurgents were armed with thousands of small guns that were stolen from police stations amid the commotion. In places like Satkhira and Comilla, Hindu minorities in Bangladesh faced the brunt with reported additional land seizures and forced evictions. Local authorities spoke of a “quiet exodus” as families escaped systematic abuse. Washington moderated its approach after Yunus caretaker government came to power, offering congratulations and election monitoring, but structural problem persisted. Any American presence south of Chittagong would worry Beijing and incite nationalists in Dhaka because Bangladesh is situated on the maritime rung between China’s Belt and Road corridor and the U.S.-India security axis. Critics caution that Bangladesh’s unstable ideological landscape is now affected by China’s omni-directionality. According to local publications in 2022, speakers from the hardline clerical group Hefazat-e-Islam shared dais alongside Chinese officials at an interfaith dialogue co-sponsored by a Confucius-funded cultural center in Chattogram. Security experts see a hedge in Beijing’s denial of meddling in domestic affairs; training both secular technocrats and Islamist activists guarantees that, in the event Awami League collapses, as it did in