Business Geopolitics Leadership Technology

India’s Moon Mission Opens Up a Zillion Opportunities

Start-ups, small & medium firms to big enterprises will fuel India’s space foray and its economic contribution to $ 100 billion K.A.Badarinath When The New York Times scoffed at India a few years back to even try and send a lander with rover to Moon or attempt a Mars Mission, the publication may not have imagined that it would be real in a very short span. An offending cartoon of 2014 in NYT summed up the editorial board’s humiliation of India’s gumption to get into the ‘elitist space club’ to explore Mars and Moon. But then, the same cartoon made way to social media networks on Wednesday with suggestions that The New York Times make amends after India’s Chandraayan – 3 led to text book precision touch down of lander ‘Vikram’ and the rover, ‘Pragyan’ getting out to explore the moon’s south pole. Well, there were foreign media houses handles that did hail India’s feat. Some did so grudgingly while a few with ‘disbelief’. However, newspaper establishments or TV channels from Europe, US and UK in particular were not remorse about their stance vis-à-vis a purely scientific mission undertaken by a developing country like India with gusto. Some netizens pointed out that the cartoon drawn by Singapore based Heng Kim Song in NYT may have been ‘racist’ and ‘offensive’ in tone. On the other hand, ‘The Economist’ may not have been very happy with Prime Minister Modi for describing the feat as ‘victory of a new India’. What’s wrong with head of the nation sporting his country’s flag and India being victorious is not a crime. Its write up of August 23, 2023 on India’s moon mission was peppered with an acerbic claim that her rover was not as good as the one planned by America or the one owned by China. To show down the Indian achievement, ‘The Economist’ made The Economist leader did not forget to say that Indian lander touched 600 kilometres away from Moon’s ‘proper’ South Pole to apparently dispute the country’s version that it was ‘first’ to reach the place. Even gleeful ‘emojis’ and ‘jai hind’ (long live India) that flooded the internet after India’s moon feat seemed inconvenient for The Economist who could not fully appreciate the ‘aspirational and assertive India’s mind-set. Bloomberg’s Andy Mukherjee gave a political twist to India’s Chandrayaan-3 mission by buying into Congress charge of ISRO engineers that laid the infrastructure were not paid for 17 months. Mukherjee seem to have waded big into Indian political waters. Well, this jingo apart, India’s ‘historic moment’ after the moon landing opens a clutch of opportunities for humanity and major chunk of world’s population as pointed out by Prime Minister Narendra Modi from Johannesburg in South Africa where he’s huddled with BRICS leaders. What’s very significant about the ‘moon landing’ by Indian craft is that it opens space sector estimated at US $ 546 billion for home grown start-ups, small, medium, micro enterprises apart from the big boys. Big spurt of over 15 per cent at Rs 13,000 crore in market capitalization of companies that contribute to space sector in one trading session on bourses manifests the potential that the sector holds for business growth and expansion. Sixteen space technology companies in India that took roots have also got first and second round of funding from angel investors and established fund houses globally. About 30-odd small ticket funding deals clinched in last couple of years has only added to excitement after the sector was opened to private and foreign partnerships. India may very well put its bets on space economy that is estimated to expand to $ 100 billion by 2025 and account for nine per cent global share from a measly two per cent now. If Prime Minister Modi’s proposal to float a space consortium by BRICS gets adopted, space economy’s contribution to developing countries progress and development will go up multi-fold. This is one level above the BRICS satellite constellation that’s being developed. Collaborative research, skills development, education and related technologies can be jointly harvested to create a common pool. Evolving Indian counterparts to large companies like SpaceX, Blue Origin, Virgin Galactic and Arianespace is what Bharat can look forward to as the country readies missions to Sun and Venus beginning next month. Going forward, creating space economy leaders of our own with the vision to realize India’s vast potential next 25-years is something we need to work on methodically. Creating separate funding buckets to bankroll technology intensive space ventures through equity and zero-rate debt is something that India will have to pursue to quickly realise for growth and expansion. Collaboration and finding right partners for each of the space missions may be the key for every country that’s exploring the universe. (Author is Director and Chief Executive, Centre for Integrated and Holistic Studies, New Delhi based non-partisan think tank)

Education Geopolitics Leadership Media Policy Security Technology

523

Does Global High table make sense without India?

Given her economic clout, global supply chains; responsible nuclear power & thriving open democracy, its India time under the Sun Dr Amritpal Kaur One representative benchmarks of post-second World War international order is the leading countries coming together for policy networking in the wake of cold war era ‘blocs’. Global engagement has taken a different shape in terms of these groups. There are groups like Permanent 5 in the United Nations Security Council, Group of 7 or G7 which is a group of leading market economies in the world which are also liberal democracies. To the unversed, this might look like global high table of the richest and most affluent countries in the world. In the post second World war era, the world has seen propagation of strategic affairs of the rich countries play out via coordinated groups like G7. The huddling of major democratic countries with market economies increases their impact in the world affairs as they also are permanent members in UNSC, control majority shares in institutions like World Bank and IMF and are among top 10 economies in the world. But, twenty first century is easily touted as the Asian century which means rise of the Asian Giants that will have altering effect on the global pecking order. Whether one accepts or not but China has grown leaps and bounds on economic development despite all its infirmities. And, Indian juggernaut is picking up pace. But, for good part of twentieth century, India was kept out of these influential groups. One way or the other, the high table was denied to India and importantly Indians too lacked the power or the heft to make their voice heard. Had India joined the Western camp after attaining independence post-colonial British era, could the fate of camp following be avoided? Or, Could India maintain its ‘strategic autonomy’ that she freely exercises without any encumbrances? Chances are that India would have been treated like any other third world country joining the Western Camp. Then what has changed in the world which has necessitated incorporation of India into the global high table? Historically, India has always been a country of consequence in the world politics. With its large swathes of land, richly endowed in mineral and non-mineral resources, its unique place in the Indian Ocean facilitating maritime trade made the country ‘Sink of Gold’ and large population ensured that she would be at the center of global high table, a trend which lasted till the advent of colonial powers on her shores. British colonization was majorly responsible to diminish her say and value in the global order. Even then, India was regarded diamond in the British crown, underlining its unique position in the British Empire. When the empire was finally forced out, India got reduced to an impoverished country, typical of third world. It was also the time when Indian voice in the global affaires was effectively ineffective. During first fifty years post-independence, India was effectively a spectator without the means to engage and take independent calls internationally that were of consequence. Change in Indian fortunes also led to other countries perception and reception of India as an effective entity, human race and a society to reckon with. The high and mighty of the world had started out with anti-India stand. Of late, they had to revise their stand given India’s economic development and increasing political clout. Perceptional change began with Nuclear Non-Proliferation. India has consistently stated that Nuclear Non-Proliferation regime under NPT and Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty were heavily biased against countries not possessing nuclear technologies and on that ground it did not sign NPT and CTBT. Till the Clinton administration days (1992-2000), nuclear nonproliferation was a major bone of contention. What this issue exhibited was India’s firm positioning in the eyes of major world powers. It was also the time when India was getting itself out of 1991-92 economic crisis with recovery very nascent. According to World Bank Indian GDP in 2000 stood at US $ 468.39 billion as against $10.25 trillion of USA, $ 1.95 trillion of Germany, $ 4.97 trillion of Japan, $ 1.67 trillion of United Kingdom and $ 1.21 trillion of China. In the hindsight, it was also the time when tide started to turn, in Dickensian fashion, ‘it was best of the times and it was worst of the times’. As Indian fortunes shifted, so did the positions on global high table. Civil nuclear deal between India and USA exemplify the change in attitude towards India. George Bush Jr’s administration was responsible to end India’s nuclear apartheid, thereby opening the doors for transfer of latest technologies not only by Americans but also by others. It was also the time when consensus was being built on permanent membership for India in the UNSC. Barring China, rest of the P5 group was in support of India’s candidature. Since then Indian foreign policy got a fresh coat of paint and nuanced approach in the world affairs. India has been able to objectively articulate its individual position to assert its ‘strategic autonomy’. Two events underline this trend. One is the Covid 19 crisis when India provided vaccines support to other countries under the much-acclaimed Vaccine Maitri programme. In fact when major countries were busy in hoarding vaccines, India came forward in support of poor countries by dipping into its own vaccine inventory. Second is the Ukraine crisis, where India pursued its own independent line without budging under pressure. Devil lies in the details and it’s true in India’s case as well. World Bank data shows that by 2022, Indian economy expanded to US $ 3.39 trillion as against $ 25.46 trillion of USA, $ 4.07 trillion of Germany, $ 4.23 trillion of Japan, $ 3.07 trillion of United Kingdom and $ 17.96 trillion of China in GDP terms. At this pace, by 2030, India will be third largest economy in the World. Fresh data from Morgan Stanley suggests that India’s ascent to third place may be much earlier by

Geopolitics Hindus Human Rights Opinion Pakistan Policy Security Uncategorized World

582

Canada’s Khalistani Quagmire

Justin Trudeau regime cannot soft pedal growing anti-India campaigns that reportedly have deep connect with Pakistani military establishment Rahul Pawa Multi-culturalism and inclusivity central to Canadian identity are under stringent scrutiny. Recent incidents in Canada have not only unveiled a surge in Hindu-phobia and Khalistani extremism but have spotlighted a shadow of external influences, prominently emanating from Pakistan. This escalation rooted in historical context pose substantial challenges for the nation’s social fabric, especially its diplomatic relationship with India. The imperative now lies in comprehending these dynamics and the ramifications they present for Indo-Canadian ties. Pakistan’s vested interest in de-stabilizing India is not new. Time and again, evidence has surfaced of Pakistan’s support to factions opposing India in Canada with Khalistani extremists being prime example. As per several reports, the backing is not just ideological. It encompasses financial, logistical and even militaristic aid. A grim reminder of this is the bombing of Air India Flight 182 in 1985. Originating from Canada, this catastrophic act led to loss of 329 lives, comprising mainly Canadians, British and Indian nationals. Subsequent investigations pointed to Khalistani extremists in British Columbia having tangible connections to Pakistan. Mastermind behind this heinous act, Talwinder Singh Parmar found his way to Pakistan from where he continued to spearhead terrorist operations against India. More so, it is widely reported that the situation is further complicated by presence of immigrants in Canada which have previously served Pakistani Army or its notorious spy agency ISI, potentially becoming conduits for de-stabilizing agendas. Recent occurrences in Canada, highlighting a troubled surge in Hindu-phobia and Khalistani extremism have prompted grave concerns. The deliberate and systematic targeting of Hindu temples from January’s attack on Gauri Shankar to unsettling assault on the Lakshmi Narayan Mandir in Surrey on August 12, 2023 underscores the emerging threat. The situation was further exacerbated by Khalistan Rally on July 8. Pamphlets distributed in this rally targeting Indian diplomats not only in Canada but also in US and Australia has upped the ante. These threats directly endanger Indian government officials and their families, creating an atmosphere of heightened tension. Far from being isolated incidents, these actions appear to be in line with a larger, orchestrated agenda. More than just demand for a separate Khalistani state, they echo a wider anti-India sentiment. The timing of these actions seems more than coincidental as they emerged against backdrop of Pakistan grappling with a plethora of internal challenges. By stoking Khalistani narrative abroad, particularly in nations home to significant Indian diaspora like Canada, Pakistan attempts to divert international attention from its internal strife, painting a narrative of oppressed minorities within India. Fostering tensions between nations such as Canada and India dovetail with Pakistan’s broader geopolitical strategies in South Asia. By promoting Anti-Hindu and Anti-India sentiments, Pakistan seeks a diplomatic edge India. Canada’s reticence in tackling these developments is alarming. Even with historical markers like the Pakistan-backed 1985 Air India bombing, Canada has seemingly tiptoed around the issue. This reluctance is not just an oversight; it’s a glaring diplomatic miscalculation. This hesitancy reached a crescendo during Trudeau’s 2018 India trip, where a former Khalistani terrorist was discovered on an official event guest list. Such lapses cast shadow on Canada’s commitment to combat extremism. Several reasons underline why Canada needs to spring into action. Primarily, these events test the nation’s multicultural foundations. If religious or cultural identity becomes grounds for targeting, Canada’s societal bedrock is at risk. Diplomatically, the stakes are even higher. Canada’s relationship with India, entrenched in trade, education, technology, and cultural exchanges, hangs in the balance. India’s External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar has made it clear: bilateral ties are at a crossroads if Canada doesn’t adequately address these issues. Canada’s political landscape and its implications for Indo-Canadian relations cannot be overlooked. At the helm of Canada’s minority government is Justin Trudeau whose power is buttressed by the New Democratic Party (NDP) led by Jagmeet Singh, a known Khalistani sympathiser. Singh’s NDP, with its crucial 24 seats in the parliament, plays an instrumental role in Trudeau’s political survival. In the 2019 Canadian general elections, Trudeau’s Liberal Party secured 157 seats falling short of the majority mark at 170. This necessitated reliance on the support of legislators from left-leaning parties, prominently the NDP. In the aftermath of elections, Trudeau and Singh forged an alliance through the confidence-and-supply agreement slated to last until 2025. The strength of this partnership was evident when NDP threw its weight behind Trudeau during an opposition-led attempt to probe alleged Chinese interference in Canada’s elections. The security of this political backing has seemingly emboldened Singh. Armed with the leverage his party exerts over Trudeau’s government, he has been vociferously critical of India and openly supportive of Khalistani cause. Given this dynamic, Canada’s approach to issues like Khalistani extremism and Hindu-phobia becomes inherently tied to its internal politics, with potential ramifications for its international relations, especially with India. Pakistan’s shadow in the surge of Hindu-phobia and Khalistani extremism in Canada is hard to ignore. Its intentions, while covert, have clear patterns that trace back decades. For Canada, the stakes are high. Addressing this issue requires more than mere recognition; it demands action. Internally, a stronger stance against extremist elements, externally, transparency in diplomatic engagements, particularly with India and a careful re-evaluation of its ties with nations promoting extremism are crucial. Ignoring this burgeoning crisis is a risk Canada cannot afford, both for its internal cohesion and its global diplomatic standing. The time for decisive action is now. (Author is Research Director at Centre for Integrated and Holistic Studies, a non-partisan think tank based in New Delhi)

Education Geopolitics Leadership Media Policy Security

525

A Resolute Goal

Reform, transform and perform is the mantra that will fuel India’s grand standing as a developed nation by 2047 Rohan Giri India’s Independence Day holds immense significance as it commemorates the nation’s liberation from British colonial rule while embodying its journey to realize 1.4 billion people’s dreams. Prime Minister Narendra Modi address on this special day unveiled a plan to put India on high growth trajectory. Modi painted a compelling portrait on India’s future drawing inspiration from her classical civilizational roots. He set a resolute goal for India to attain developed nation status by 2047. On 77-th Independence Day, Prime Minister began his address by referring to the turmoil and violence in Manipur and its impending resolution. He emphatically stated, “The country stands with the people of Manipur… Resolution is possible only through peace. The Centre and the state government are making all efforts to find a solution, and will continue to do so.” While the state was limping back to normalcy, a lot more needs to be done for making Manipur home to diverse tribes living in harmony moving away from conflict, violence, women’s abuse, pain and suffering of various tribes. Narendra Modi moved on to point the pivotal significance of undertaking economic reforms to fortify India’s global standing. As evident, India’s economy, valued at a staggering $3.5 trillion surpassed that of United Kingdom last year securing its place as fifth-largest in the world. With unwavering conviction, he declared India’s resolute trajectory to ascend into the elite club of top three global economies in next five years. Prime Minister heralded a noteworthy accomplishment – uplifting over 130 million individuals from strangle hold of poverty. He emphasized that India’s burgeoning prosperity serves as a compelling opportunity not only for the nation itself but for entire global community. Modi’s persistent emphasis on these aspects underscores his unequivocal dedication to harnessing India’s demographic dividend and steering it to transform into an economic powerhouse. India is swiftly advancing on development path, garnering significant global recognition for its burgeoning expansion. Modi as Prime Minister, it is both commendable and imperative to nurture aspirations for a resplendent future. Contemplating the trajectory of India’s future, Modi affirmed, “I am confident that in 2047 when India marks 100 years of its Independence, it will be a developed nation. I say this on the basis of the capability of my country and available resources…” Realizing the vision for a fully developed nation demands collective effort necessitating certain sacrifices from each citizen. Prime Minister emphasized, “We have to fight three things now — corruption, family rule, and appeasement. These create impediments to people’s aspirations while corruption has badly affected India’s capability. Modi has rightly targeted fighting against corruption as a key area. While politics of appeasement has inflicted most harm on social justice, the country has to resolve not to tolerate corruption in any form. Global arena not only acknowledges ingenuity of Indian leadership but recognizes strength of the country’s core philosophy. Rooted in India’s philosophical moorings, this perception of entire humanity as one family stands out differently. In the aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic, India presented a resonant principle: “One earth, one health.” This principle acted as a beacon of hope for afflicted nations. In the aftermath of Covid-19 pandemic, the imperative for comprehensive healthcare has come to the forefront. This need has sparked a noticeable surge in the global embrace of traditional Indian healthcare practices such as indigenous medicine, yoga and meditation. Notably, yoga, an amalgamation of physical, mental, and spiritual practices rooted in ancient India has seamlessly woven itself into the daily routines of people across the globe. Moreover, India’s healthcare systems including Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, Sowa Rigpa and Homeopathy, progressively garnered global recognition. Presently India is leading the G-20 as the Chair and espoused a grand vision encapsulated by the mantra “One Earth, One Family, One Future.” This profound perspective serves as comprehensive remedy to current challenges like war in Ukraine and forms the bedrock for harmonious and prosperous global coexistence in times to come. The landscape of world order and geopolitics is undergoing swift transformations. New Delhi has engaged with the world powers in new ways by building alliances, strike trade deals and increases defence cooperation. On reshaping global order, Narendra Modi underscored, “In shaping a changing world, Indian people’s capabilities are evident… India’s biggest capability is trust — people’s trust in the government, the country’s bright future and the world’s trust in India. The ball is in our court, and we should not let go of opportunity; no ifs and buts on anyone’s mind about India’s capabilities.” Prime Minister’s 90-minute address also delved into subjects like democracy, women-driven progress and space technology to novel schemes and pressing concern of terrorism. His speech was a clarion call for people to embrace principles of Reform, Perform, and Transform. His vision for a reformed, efficient, and self-reliant India reflects well with aspirations of millions of Indians. As the country navigates its path to progress and prosperity, the roadmap in Modi’s speech provides a framework to guide India’s journey into the future. (Author is Operations Manager at Centre for Integrated and Holistic Studies, a New Delhi based non-partisan think tank)

Business Economy Education Leadership Policy Security Technology World

551

Unleash India spirit!

Changing geo-political equations & global order has etched a key role for India as Vishwa Guru & Mitra, the most dependable ally K.A.Badarinath Prime Minister Narendra Modi put up a comprehensive socio-economic development plan before 1.4 billion Indians while delivering his tenth address from ramparts of iconic Red Fort. Given the grand plan that encapsulates his over 90-minutes address on Tuesday, political interpretations are bound to be made given that elections to four state legislatures followed by Lok Sabha polls were scheduled before June 2024. While the messenger in Modi arguably did a fantastic job of presenting broad contours of 25- year work plan, the leader in him hit the right note on three evils that the country faced. Presenting a case for ‘developed India’ by 2047, the year country celebrates her centennial post-independence from imperialistic British forces, Modi did not mince words. In the process, he has served an early notice to four large global economies that also consider themselves as invincible. A vision document being readied by ruling BJP and the central government would roll out specifics in this plan. This document has been in the works last one year when 75-years commemoration campaign was kicked off by Modi. Given that 2023 is first of 25-years ‘amrit kaal’, emphasis on grand ‘long viewfinder’ works well and timely. The resolve to build on substantive achievements last ten years got reflected amply on socio-economic front to upend India to third position as largest growing economy with a wide diverse market for goods and services. Fight against corruption, dynastic politics and appeasement line he pushed very hard is in continuation of BJP and NDA closing ranks to not cede even an inch of political space for 26-parties opposition. These three evils found mention prominently even in his reply to a no-confidence motion that was moved by some opposition parties earlier this month. Targeting a few families that run their political parties as personal fiefdoms or family enterprises, Prime Minister seems to have taken the fight across fence. Guarantees on political stability would be a big factor given resounding victory that Modi got in 2014 and 2019 Lok Sabha. And, continuation of the ten-year work done is one clinching issue politically as well as on economic front. Political instability is one big risk that goes against the very grain of investments, buoyancy in markets and economic expansion. From the opposition perspective, political stability is one thing that cannot be taken for granted given inherent contradictions within fragile political formations that form part of anti-Modi rainbow network Recent successes for Congress in Karnataka and Aam Aadmi Party winning big in Punjab may have enthused opposition ranks leading to Patna and Bengaluru conclaves. But the socio-economic model of ‘freebies in Punjab and guarantees in Karnataka’ are unsustainable. Already, Karnataka has made more than clear that it would hardly be able to mobilize funds for even taking forward development projects erstwhile BJP government has begun. Internecine power struggle within the Congress and inter-party rivalry with the 26-party conglomeration is bound to take investors dizzy. Yet another commitment made by Narendra Modi was to guarantee against corruption that’s eating into vitals of the Indian polity. By and large, the ten year Modi rule at centre was corruption free notwithstanding charges of ‘suit boot sarkar’ made by Congress to pull down the BJP and tarnish with its own black brush. In states, public sector companies, banks and award of contracts, most players across spectrum have still been susceptible and amenable to personal gratification. Through the guarantee, Modi may have to extend his fight against corruption to states and then down below as districts administration continue to be marred by shady deals that need closer scrutiny. Trust in his leadership and BJP-led NDA model of governance is something that he has earned in last ten years. This trust needs to get extended downwards under his close watch to ensure that Hindu-centric voters will continue to be with Modi-led alliance. Mistrust with Congress regimes was what made ten years rule of Manmohan Singh unsustainable. Trust factor with the voters, partners, investors and all stakeholders in the next government may have to be worked on faster by Modi’s strategists. Narendra Modi seems to have banked heavily on spirit of India that has stood test of times. When he invoked ‘unstoppable’, tireless and does not give up’ spirit of hoi polloi, he made an instant ‘emotive connect’ with those tired of being ‘held up or pulled back’ in realizing their aspirations. BJP, NDA and Modi’s commitment to the concept of ‘vishwa guru’ or attaining numero uno status for India globally is fairly well established. Extending this further, Prime Minister Modi portrayed India as a ‘vishwa mitra’, a bankable friend, dependable partner and stakeholder in human development. His talk of a new ‘global order’ and ‘geo-political’ alignments is rather real given sea changes experienced in aftermath of cold war. Post-Covid 19, the much anticipated re-working of global order is expected to roll out in near future. And, this provides perfect opportunity for India to play a key responsible role internationally moving away from reticence of the past by ‘minding its own business’. This futuristic articulation to position India on global matrix both on geo-political issues and socio-economic plane would go well. (Author is Director& Chief Executive, Centre for Integrated and Holistic Studies, a non-partisan think tank based in New Delhi)

Education Geopolitics Hindus Human Rights Policy Security

710

77 Years Later: Women, Religion, and Gender Biases in Pakistan

Pakistan’s commemoration of its 76th year of independence ironically highlights the dire situation of its women to the world. Even after seven long decades post-independence, women in Pakistan are still deprived of basic rights like education, freedom of expression, and opportunities for employment. Interactions with these women reveal a bleak landscape of their relentless battles and diminishing hopes, questioning the essence of what independence and empowerment should signify in contemporary Pakistan. The Global Gender Gap Index Report 2022 starkly showcases Pakistan’s lamentable gender disparities. Globally, Pakistan regrettably ranks near the bottom in areas such as economic participation, education, health, and survival. These glaring figures bring to light the deep-seated gender biases corroding Pakistani society. Heartbreakingly, interviews depict that many women, from diverse backgrounds, feel oppressed and frequently persecuted. The glaring lack of women in political leadership roles further accentuates the overpowering grasp of patriarchal norms. As Pakistan grapples with increasing vulnerabilities to climate change, it is the women who suffer most. The evident link between environmental concerns and gender inequities is undeniable, more so when environmental calamities intensify the hardships for women. Disappointingly, Pakistan’s leadership and related agencies seem to disregard the urgent need for gender-sensitive climate policies. Women are forced to grapple with the adverse effects of polluted air, dwindling water resources, and other ecological hazards. Karachi, often hailed as the crown jewel of Pakistan, sadly reflects the country’s deep-seated gender prejudice. Interviews conducted there consistently highlight the harrowing challenges women face daily in their pursuit of fundamental rights. The pervasive issue of harassment looms over many working women, indicating a stark absence of safety and respect in society. Their stories resonate with the perpetual tension between aspiring for basic liberties and the grim reality of a society that denies them. While there are sporadic glimpses of progress in isolated pockets of Pakistan, they are largely eclipsed by overwhelming challenges. Although a section of women is experiencing improved access to education and a shift in societal attitudes, such changes only underline the inconsistent strides Pakistan is making towards gender equality. The societal chasm and economic divides paint a grim narrative: a handful of the educated find better opportunities abroad, while many remain entrapped in their homeland. Regions like Khyber Pakhtunkhwa serve as stark reminders of areas where opportunities for women’s education and employment are scarcely available. For a select few, empowerment is perceived as a state of mind. Yet, such an uplifting perspective is frequently overshadowed by societal constraints. While acknowledging one’s self-worth can be liberating, the overwhelming societal barriers often appear insurmountable. A disheartening reality permeating Pakistani society is that even though education is regarded as a catalyst for change, women’s aspirations are recurrently thwarted. While both genders emphasise the significance of education, it’s clear that education in isolation cannot reform the prevailing norms. A comprehensive transformation is essential. Families, communities, and policymakers must move beyond mere words and take decisive actions to ensure women are accorded their rightful stature in society. Tragically, when evaluating Pakistan’s intricate web of gender inequality, the plights of religious minority women further exacerbate the situation. Hindu, Sikh, and Christian women, already marginalised due to their gender, are subjected to heightened persecution based on their religious affiliations. Reports and personal accounts underscore distressing instances of kidnappings, forced religious conversions, and coerced marriages. These young girls are often brutally separated from their families and pressured into renouncing their faith, further alienating them within their communities. Such heinous acts are not just a violation of religious freedom and human rights but also emphasise Pakistan’s pressing need to address the dual challenges of gender and religious persecution. The commitment to ensuring every woman’s safety and freedom, regardless of her religious beliefs, must be unwavering. Amid these narratives of despair, the question that emerges is – where does Pakistan envision its future in terms of gender justice and religious freedom? With the rest of the world progressing towards more inclusive societies, Pakistan seems to be caught in a time warp, clinging to outdated norms and practices. Yet, it is essential to remember that the situation isn’t bereft of hope entirely. Grassroots movements, led by resilient Pakistani women and their allies, are sprouting across the country. These women, armed with education, determination, and a vision of a brighter future, are challenging the deeply entrenched norms. They are building networks, using both traditional methods and technology, to reach out, educate, and uplift their peers. Furthermore, international attention and pressure could play a pivotal role. Global agencies, human rights organisations, and foreign governments can leverage their influence to urge the Pakistani administration to enforce stronger laws that protect the rights of all its citizens, irrespective of gender or religion. Sanctions, trade agreements, and international treaties can all serve as tools to nudge the nation towards the path of genuine reform. On the cultural front, artists, writers, and filmmakers within Pakistan are pushing boundaries, creating works that challenge societal norms and provide a platform for the oppressed voices to be heard. The role of art and media as a force for change cannot be underestimated, especially in a digital age where content can transcend borders and inspire solidarity and action globally. Pakistan stands at a crucial juncture. The choices it makes in the upcoming years will determine whether it continues its descent into a quagmire of regressive practices or rises, phoenix-like, to create a society that is just, inclusive, and forward-thinking. As the world watches, it remains to be seen if Pakistan will heed the cries of its women, recognise the strength in their resilience, and move towards a brighter, more equitable future.

Leadership

493

‘Mother India’ Noise for Votes May Not Work

Congress will have to rejig its strategy to take on Prime Minister Narendra Modi. No confidence motion was lost opportunity for grand old party. K.A.Badarinath Who killed ‘Mother India? Was it the Narendra Modi government as alleged by Congress leader Rahul Gandhi or the grand old party that held the country’s reins for over five decades? Well the answer is quite obvious and straight. Feigning ignorance on ignominious and corrupt 50-odd years Congress rule post-independence may not help make out a case for the party with diminishing returns. A party that virtually turned ‘pigmy’ due to its own making and misrule has launched a desperate bid to resurrect itself in conjunction with 13-other splinter political groups run by ‘dynasties’ like the one that Rahul inherits. It was rather valiant for Rahul Gandhi to make a sweeping charge against Narendra Modi government holding it squarely responsible for turmoil in Manipur or communal flare up in Haryana. To deduce that Modi government was responsible for killing ‘Mother India’ or ‘Bharat Mata’ was chivalrous for a leader whose party oversaw the partition of India, conceded Aksai Chin to China and its leaders sought referendum on Kashmir like Brexit vote that was held in United Kingdom. Congress ecosystem seems to get a high by referring to ‘Bharat Mata’ or mother India often used by right wing forces with reference to this millennia old Hindu centric society that absorbed people from all faiths, modes of worship, denominations, religion. Reference to ‘Bharat Mata’ may be Congress way of staking claim on this very wholesome conceptualization of Hindus that the country and its people have a soul, spirit and distinct way of living. The claim also reflects the rudderless Congress political formation’s machinations to pursue a soft Hindutva line to negate the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) influence among vast Hindus that believe in cultural nationalism. Now that Congress has made its move,will majority Hindus buy Rahul Gandhi’s schizophrenia and vote for the party in legislative assembly elections in Mizoram, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh followed by Lok Sabha polls in 2024? Alienation of majority Hindus due to unabated appeasement of Muslims and Christians is something Rahul Gandhi seems to be working on. Will this ploy work is something Congress strategists have to think? Weaning away nationalist ideological base and ardent Hindus from right wingers may not happen like heaping charges of corruption and corporate dealing on Modi government did not work. But, Rahul Gandhi seems to take on NDA, BJP and Narendra Modi on this plank. It may be a grave mistake that Rahul committed even before campaign for the 2024 elections began. Grand vision of ‘Bharat Mata’, ‘Virat Bharat’ or ‘Akhand Bharat’ of Hindus may be beyond comprehension of Congress and its leader Rahul Gandhi who may be looking to poach into BJP-led alliance votes. A thriving society that’s unique in its way of life and spread virtually across South Asia with cultural ethos as one common thread may not be an easy fact to accept by left-leaning Congress that lost its moorings of pre-independence days and fell into the trap of sectarian politics of divisive variety. Rahul or Priyanka Gandhi Vadra showing up for ‘aarti’ at temples to garner a few votes cannot be Hindu way of life or what Hindus believe this country as a ‘living entity with spirit and soul’. Otherwise, Congress has till date not offered plausible explanation for its government’s decision to pull back the Indian Army in 1971 war after the forces had Pakistan territory till Lahore. Was it not that Congress then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi hailed as leader of 1971 war with iron fists, who did not pursue India’s West Pakistan agenda finalized in consultation with the Indian armed forces? Does Rahul Gandhi even have an inkling of how this played out? Did Rahul Gandhi suffer temporary memory lapse on how his own party government forgot Pakistan Occupied Jammu Kashmir and now his party people have the cheek to seek referendum on Article 370 of Indian Constitution? A part of this Indian Territory was usurped by China in a 1963 deal with Pakistan, but did Congress remember ‘Bharat Mata’ then? When Aksai Chin was occupied by China and Congress twiddled its thumb in New Delhi, can it now claim that ‘mother India’ was sliced into pieces in Manipur and elsewhere by Modi government? Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) was given a free pass in 1950s and 1962 war to takeover Aksai Chin almost the size of Bhutan and was hitherto part of India’s Ladakh and never reflected in Chinese maps. Giving a staged outrageous twist to Manipur issue by claiming that the state has been divided will not work for Congress given that recent violence was handiwork of a combination of forces including the Church, drug mafia, insurgents from across Myanmar border apart from divisive tukde tukde gangs. Like corruption and corporate deals charges did not stick to BJP, separating ‘Bharat Mata’ from Hindutva forces may not happen in a jiffy. Rahul Gandhi has to think rejigging substantive Congress strategy to take on Modi, BJP that emerged as largest political party globally and NDA. (Author is Director & Chief Executive, Centre for Integrated and Holistic Studies, a non-partisan think based out of New Delhi)

Uncategorized

692

Gyanvapi, Hindu Temple!

Muslims claims led to survey of this fourth century temple, well documented evidence brings to light Muslim tyrants’ destruction Rohan Giri Gyanvapi complex situated within the Kashi Vishwanath Temple premises in India’s northern city Varanasi depicts historical connect to its 17th-century construction and subsequent demolition on the command of the Mughal tyrant, Aurangzeb. The aftermath of this demolition witnessed emergence of a new temple in the late 18th century, carefully erected adjacent to the original structure by Queen Ahilya Bai Holkar. Gyanvapi is a Sanskrit word that means “well of knowledge,” and it is mentioned in the Puranas (epics) as well. In the Linga Purana, it’s said that “देवस्य दक्षिणी भागे वापी तिष्ठती शोभना, तस्यास्त वोदकं पीत्वा पुनर्जन्म न विद्यते”. Loosely translated, it means, “There is a beautiful well in the southern part of the ancient Vishwanath temple, drinking water from the well leads to emancipation. Skanda Purana refers drinking the water of Gyanvapi brings enlightenment and liberation from sin.” Excerpt from “Skanda Purana” Gyanvapi structure adjacent to Kashi Vishwanath Temple has been at the centre of a legal debate in India and elsewhere. The legal battle intensified when five Hindu women filed a petition in Varanasi District Court seeking the right to worship Maa Shringar Gauri on the structure’s outer wall. This sparked a series of events leading to recent order of the court allowing Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to survey the place. After a lot of deliberation and adjournments, the High Court allowed the survey with a few riders. Timeline Little known facts about Gyanvyapi. S.No. Date/Period Details 1 4th–5th Century In Gupta period, Chandragupta 2, commonly known as Maharaja Vikramaditya, constructed Kashi Vishwanath temple. 2 635 AD A Chinese traveller Hsuan Tsang visited and wrote a lot that includes several references to Varanasi. He described Varanasi as a land of knowledge and temples. 3 1194–1197 The temple was largely destroyed following an order of Muhammad Ghori, setting off a series of demolitions and re-building throughout history. 4 1669 On Mughal invader Aurangzeb’s instruction, the Vishwanath temple was demolished and Gyanvapi mosque was built on the temple’s land. 5 1776-1778 Rani Ahilyabai Holkar of Indore restored the temple near Gyanvapi complex. 6 1822 James Prinsep (an English scholar, orientalist, and antiquary) illustrated the rear wall of Gyanvapi as the “temple of Vishveshvur.” Hindus worshipped plinth of the mosque as the plinth of old Kashi Vishwanath temple. 7 1829 British traveller Reginald Heber, in his book, “Narrative of a Journey Through the Upper Provinces of India from Calcutta to Bombay, 1824-1825” described how Aurangzeb had desecrated a holy Hindu spot & constructed mosque on it. He also stated that Hindus held water of Gyanvapi holier than the Ganges. 8 1936 British government was sued in district court for the right to offer namaz throughout the Gyanvapi complex. The claimants produced seven witnesses whereas the British government provided fifteen. 9 August 15, 1937 Right to offer Namaz was granted explicitly with the caveat that such prayers could not be offered anyplace else in the Gyanvapi complex. 10 April 10, 1942 The High Court dismissed an appeal to maintain the lower court’s verdict. 11 October 15, 1991 Pandit Somnath Vyas, Dr. Ramrang Sharma, and others filed a lawsuit in Varanasi court seeking construction of a new temple at Gyanvapi as well as freedom to worship. 12 1998 Two petitions were filed in the High Court on behalf of Anjuman Inazaniya Masajid and the UP Sunni Waqf Board Lucknow, challenging the order. 13 March 7, 2000 Pandit Somnath Vyas passed away. 14 October 11, 2018 Vijay Shankar Rastogi, a former district government advocate was appointed as plaintiff in this case. 15 2020 This plea further encouraged Anjuman Intezamia Masjid Committee to oppose the petition seeking an ASI survey of the entire Gyanvapi complex. 16 August 2021 Five female devotees filed a petition in the Varanasi District Court seeking permission to worship deities Hanuman, Nandi and Shringar Gauri inside the premises of Gyanvapi. 17 April 8, 2022 Following the petition filed in August 2021, an order was issued by Varanasi District Court to conduct a survey by Archaeological Survey of India 18 April 14, 2022 The survey was launched for two days. 19 November 2022 The supreme court of India agreed to set up a bench to hear the case. 20 May 12, 2023 Allahabad High Court ordered determination of the age of Shivling using modern technology. 21 July 21, 2023 Varanasi district court directs ASI to conduct the survey — including excavations, wherever necessary — to determine if the mosque was built at a place where a temple existed earlier. 22 July 24, 2023 Supreme Court of India halts ASI’s survey at premises till 5 pm on July 26, asks HC to hear the mosque panel’s plea. 23 July 27, 2023 Allahabad High Court reserved its order, and extended the stay on the ASI’s survey until August 3. 24 August 3, 2023 Allahabad HC allows scientific survey of Gyanvapi premises “in the interest of justice”. 25 August 4, 2023 Anjuman Intezamia Masjid Committee moves Supreme Court challenging the Allahabad HC order that refused to stay the Varanasi court’s direction for a scientific survey. 26 August 4, 2023 Supreme Court of India refused to stay the ASI survey of the Gyanvapi structure, except the ‘wuzu khana’ area where a ‘shivling’ was claimed to have been found last year. Survey is underway. The Quest for Truth and Worship Following Civil Judge (Senior Division) Ravi Kumar Diwarkar’s directive to survey the Gyanvapi premises and the subsequent appointment of Ajay Kumar Mishra as the advocate commissioner, Advocate Mishra initiated the inspection on May 6, 2022, focusing on the exterior of the structure. Nonetheless, the survey was suspended following a complaint filed by Anjuman Intezamia Masjid (AIM) in court. AIM contended that the advocate commissioner lacked the authority to capture footage within the premises. AIM seeks a modification in Mishra’s role as Advocate Commissioner. But why did Civil Judge Ravi Kumar Diwakar order the survey? In

Fact Sheet

843

Unabashed Biases Come to Fore

Hindu-phobic reportage during recent violence in Nuh may have actually led in part to escalation in violence, loot and daylight killings Introduction: Biases displayed by global media in reportage of recent violence in India’s northern state of Haryana are unprecedented. Unlike what is written in major global news outlets, it’s important to present the actual and on-the-ground reality to debunk fabricated narratives peddled as the truth. Certain media outlets, which disseminate false stories and mislead readers, not only cause misinformation but also contribute to social conflicts, intended or unintended. Media biases are particularly evident in reporting of communal incidents and political figures in India. Some media outlets and self-proclaimed left liberal ecosystem have faced accusations of taking stand that’s far from truth, engaging in selective reporting and appeasing a few communities as part of a larger well designed conspiracy. This raises concerns about fairness of media coverage during violent incidents or conflicts. While media has been critical in certain cases, it has been silent or biased in others, leading to accusations of double standards. Prevailing narrative suggests a trend of anti-Hindus sentiment in the global media, with increasing number of news portals being critical of right-wing politics and activism. It is worth questioning what happened to those who were once considered flag bearers of ethical journalism post-2014. Historical instances in 1985, 1968, and 1987 highlighted selective reporting on Hindu-Muslim issues in several studies. Some news publications even censor names of Hindu victims and replace perpetrator names to portray Hindus negatively, prompting the need for accountability within the media ecosystem. Haryana violence reportage If we look at the way Haryana’s Nuh violence is being analysed, explained and reported, then blindness of the media becomes apparent. In this whole arson, mayhem and worse, the killing of five people including two policemen, self-styled ‘liberal’ commentators and the intelligentsia failed to see any Islamic connection to it. Pre-mediated violence is evident as it occurred even though Monu Manesar was not part of the Hindu procession. Impulsiveness of the devastation is evident from prearranged amassing of stones and iron rods at the scene. Extraordinariness of the situation further unfolds as the violence erupted within mere 15 minutes of Hindus annual procession commencement, with an unexpectedly armed and well-dressed crowd of approximately 200 people seemingly appearing out of nowhere. According to media reports, the Hindu side initially retreated, but later regrouped and resisted. Now, let’s delve into truth of this incident and examine how the media has depicted it. It is concerning to observe a dangerous trend where incidents are unjustly linked to specific individuals and exploited against them. When all aspects of the violence strongly suggest that it was premeditated and pre-planned, it becomes even more questionable to single out and associate it with any one person. Look at some reportage of media outlets: Source: The New York Times Source: British Broadcast Corporation (BBC) Source: Al Jazeera A Premeditated Event Propaganda notwithstanding, Haryana state chief minister Mannohar Lal Khattar after chairing a high level meeting with state’s home minister along with senior police and administrative officials said “The incident appears to be part of a larger conspiracy, as the Samajik Yatra (societal procession) has been taking place annually for several years. The authorities are investigating the incident to further to find out the underlying causes and potential motives behind it.” Home minister Anil Vij said “the incident does not appear to have happened all of a sudden. The level of violence that took place and also occurred at different points, the way stones were collected, weapons brandished and shots were fired, it does not have happened all of a sudden.” Afzal Ahmed, Member of Legislative Assembly of Haryana from Nuh said “This was a planned act of violence that has been carried out. In the past, there have been trips, but nothing like this ever happened” Chronology of Violence: On July 31, 2023, a ‘Brij Mandal Jalabhishek Yatra’ , a procession held by Hindus annually was obstructed by a group of young Muslims near Khedla Mod area in Nuh district of Haryana. Brij Mandal Jalabhishek Yatra, aimed at rejuvenating sacred Hindu sites, has been an annual event for the past three years. Notably, Nuh, formerly known as Mewat, is believed to house three ancient Shiva lingas, namely Nalhar Mahadev Temple, Jhirakeshwar Mahadev, and Shringeshwar Mahadev Temple. Within mere 15 minutes of the yatra’s commencement at Khedla Mod of Nuh, the situation took a drastic turn as Islamists began pelting stones, and shooting from unlicensed weapons triggering acts of arson. Witnessing the escalating chaos, the devotees attempted to retreat, but they encountered a barrage of stones from behind as well. Amidst the turmoil, petrol bombs were hurled at the devotees, making virtually challenging for some to seek refuge at the Nalhar Mahadev temple. Having cornered the devout Hindus in a dragnet of sorts, the rioters closed in on the temple, surrounding it, and wreaking havoc by setting cars, buses, and various vehicles ablaze, while firing indiscriminately at anyone in their path. Tragically, two individuals were hit by bullets during this rampage. Almost all vehicles were either burnt or severely damaged in the onslaught. Upon arrival of the police, the rioters fled, seeking refuge in the nearby hills, where they continued their assault by firing bullets at women, children and other devotees who had sought shelter inside the temple. With great effort, the administration managed to subdue the rioters and bring devotees out under police escort. Throughout this violent attack, the rioters specifically targeted police posts, temples, shops, and properties belonging to Hindus, leaving a trail of destruction and fear in their wake. The violence that originated in Nuh district quickly spread to the neighbouring areas of Sohna, Gurgaon, and Faridabad. As a consequence, innocent residents of these regions fell victim to rampage unleashed by the Islamic rioters. Hindus faced attacks on their homes and shops, witnessed their vehicles being vandalized, and experienced direct physical assaults. Nuh (Mewat): Muslims dominant! Nuh, a district situated in the

Education Geopolitics Leadership Technology

563

India’s Space Supremacy on Ascent

Chandrayaan-3, ISRO’s premier lunar exploration is a milestone in its path to achieving greater excellence, cost competitiveness and emerge as space power Rahul Pawa Human space exploration has predominantly been shaped by superpowers of the Cold War era, with US space agency, NASA and its Russian counterpart, Roscosmos leading the way. This is a thing of the past. In recent decades, the biggest surprising candidate in contention is the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Though it started late and faces financial limitations as well as technological constraints, ISRO has demonstrated remarkable resilience and determination, carving out a unique path as a top-tier global space agency. Established in 1969, almost two decades after NASA, ISRO embarked on its journey amidst a space race that was already in full swing. Tasked with the formidable mission of propelling India into the age of space technology and catching up with technologically advanced nations, ISRO’s journey has been far from smooth. In the aftermath of India’s nuclear tests in 1974 and 1998, the nation faced broad international sanctions. This development dealt a significant blow to India’s space aspirations when Russia, succumbing to pressure from the Western world, cited the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) and withdrew from an agreement to transfer crucial cryogenic engine technology to India. The cryogenic engine technology was indispensable for the development of heavy-lift launch vehicles. Such a setback could have easily derailed India’s ambitions. Instead, it ignited ISRO’s determination, fuelling its drive towards self-reliance and innovation. Over next two decades, ISRO focused its efforts on developing its own cryogenic engine technology. Despite numerous challenges, India’s space agency remained unwavering and in January 2014, it successfully launched the GSLV-D5 launch vehicle, powered by an indigenously developed cryogenic engine. This achievement serves as an exemplary showcase of perseverance and resilience in the face of adversity, a testament to ISRO’s unwavering commitment to its mission and the Indian Republic. Yet, this is just one chapter in the compelling saga of ISRO, where hurdles are transformed into springboards for success. It is a testament to ISRO’s prowess in transforming adversity into opportunity, illuminating India’s flourishing technological capabilities. As ISRO navigated its journey, it pioneered a new paradigm in space exploration, combining cost-effectiveness with ambition, establishing itself as a trailblazer in affordable space technology. The Mars Orbiter Mission, known as Mangalyaan, epitomises this innovative spirit. Accomplished at a fraction of the cost of similar missions by other agencies, Mangalyaan was not just a frugal exploration but a powerful demonstration of ISRO’s formidable capabilities to the world. A vivid illustration of ISRO’s economical yet ambitious spirit is its mastery of multi-launch capabilities, allowing multiple satellites to be taken into orbit with a single rocket. ISRO showcased this brilliantly in February 2017 when it successfully launched a record-breaking 104 satellites aboard a single PSLV-C37 rocket. This launch included not only India’s own earth observation satellite but also miniature satellites from several international players, underscoring ISRO’s leading role in the global commercial space industry. Furthermore, ISRO’s ability to maintain budgetary controls without compromising on scientific endeavours sets it apart from many international counterparts. Whether it is launching the world’s lightest satellite or sending a mission to Mars at a cost lower than a Hollywood blockbuster, ISRO’s exemplary record reflects that cost-effectiveness and ambitious exploration can indeed go hand in hand. Chandrayaan-3, the latest iteration of ISRO’s flagship lunar exploration mission, is poised to embark on its momentous journey, aiming to achieve a soft landing in the Moon’s South Polar region on August 23, 2023 at 5:47 pm. This extraordinary endeavour, born out of years of rigorous scientific inquiry, stands as evidence of India’s expanding influence as a formidable force in space exploration. Chandrayaan-3 aims to succeed where its predecessor fell short, achieving a precise and controlled landing on the lunar surface. The proposition for an Indian moon mission was formally announced by former Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee during his 2003 Independence Day address, and in 2008, Chandrayaan-1 was launched, marking a significant milestone in India’s cosmic journey. Comprising a lunar orbiter and impactor, Chandrayaan-1 not only fulfilled its scientific ambitions but also propelled India into an elite group of lunar explorers. Even before Chandrayaan-1 landed, ISRO and Roscosmos planned its sequel, Chandrayaan-2, with the goal of a moon landing and rover exploration. Due to delays from Roscosmos, ISRO independently developed a lander, pushing the launch to 2019. Technical setbacks and rescheduling notwithstanding, Chandrayaan-2 finally took off on July 22, 2019. Tragically, a software glitch on September 6, 2019, caused the Chandrayaan-2 lander to malfunction, resulting in the loss of communication with ISRO and loss of both the lander and the rover. This incident led to the development of Chandrayaan-3, the next phase of the mission, with the ambitious aim of achieving a successful soft lunar landing. With the clock ticking down, ISRO is diligently overseeing the timeline for the lunar touchdown, taking into account elements such as lunar sunrise. In case circumstances demanded, the landing can be pushed to September from the scheduled August 23 this year. Every step forward brings India’s Chandrayaan-3 closer to a ground breaking achievement on the moon. Successfully achieving this would place India in an elite group of nations; to date, only the US, Russia, and China have accomplished this feat. Odyssey of ISRO embodies the indomitable spirit of human endeavour—an unwavering resolve, tireless perseverance, and self-reliance that magnify India’s ascent as an increasingly formidable space superpower, bolstering its commanding presence within the global space community. Having begun as a latecomer, ISRO has transcended the confines of limitations and boldly challenged established order, thereby demonstrating that constraints are merely catalysts for boundless opportunities. ISRO’s unwavering dedication to perpetual learning, adaptability, and evolution has empowered it to overcome formidable obstacles and lay a robust groundwork for future triumphs. Through a multitude of accomplishments, it has forged an upward trajectory for India, shaping it into a rising space superpower of exceptional versatility. (Author is Research Director at Centre for Integrated and Holistic

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