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France, Bharat’s Dependable Strategic European Ally

More than just a symbolic visit, French President Emmanuel Macron’s Republic Day visit to India as chief guest was significant. President Macron made a decisive step to fortify the strategic and deep affinity ties between France and India during his trip to Jaipur and New Delhi. President Macron’s visit was a turning point that demonstrated deepening diplomatic, economic, and cultural linkages between the two countries. Beyond the symbolic acts of solidarity that were observed during the Republic Day celebrations, the visit provided both countries with an opportunity to explore ways to improve cooperation in a range of fields, opening the door for a more robust and durable relationship. Enhancing Strategic Partnership: France and India have been actively working to strengthen their strategic alliance in a number of areas. Historically, the two countries have cooperated in the fields of commerce, space exploration, defence, and cultural exchanges. In an extraordinary move, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) has acquired all of the jet engine technology from French aerospace giant Safran that has greatly enhanced India’s capability for defence manufacture. Strengthening Defence Links: In order to increase domestic helicopter manufacturing and potentially open the door for future military cooperation, Indian private conglomerate Tatas has partnered with Airbus Helicopters to manufacture civilian helicopters in India. France and India work together on a number of defence initiatives and have a strong defence cooperation. One of the major turning points in their defence relationship was the purchase of the Rafale fighter plane. Space Cooperation: The French Space Agency (CNES) and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) have worked together on a number of space projects. There has been cooperation in areas such as satellite technology, Earth observation, and space research. Economic and Trade Ties: Economic and trade relations between India and France have been growing steadily. Both nations have been looking for ways to increase their economic cooperation, including investing in fields like technology, infrastructure, and renewable energy. Nuclear Energy: France has been a key partner in India’s civil nuclear programme. India-France has signed agreements pertaining to the peaceful use of nuclear energy. Cultural Exchanges: Cultural ties between India and France have been fostered through various initiatives including academic collaborations, language programmes and cultural events. International Issues: India and France frequently work together on international problems such as UN reforms, counterterrorism, and climate change. The two countries have a stake in upholding an international system based on laws. Educational and Cultural interaction: India actively participates in educational and cultural exchanges on a national and international scale because of its rich history, multiple cultures, and rapidly growing economy. By 2027, France hopes to have 30,000 Indian students enrolled in its universities, encouraging greater scholarly exchange and knowledge sharing. The coming year, i.e., 2025 will be proclaimed as the “India-France Year of Innovation,” exhibiting collaborative initiatives in cutting-edge fields including renewable energy, artificial intelligence, and space research. Educational Interaction: 1. Diversity in Education: India has an extensive selection of educational options, including modern schools, elite institutions, and traditional Gurukul systems. The educational landscape is a reflection of the fusion of contemporary knowledge and old wisdom. 2. International Cooperation: Indian educational establishments regularly participate in alliances and cooperative ventures with overseas colleges and establishments. This promotes a global learning environment by facilitating the exchange of faculty, students, and research. 3. Technology and Innovation: India is fast becoming as a hub for these two fields. Collaborations between international digital giants and academic institutions have resulted from the focus on STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) disciplines. 4. Study Abroad Opportunities: A large number of Indian students travel overseas to seek higher education, which promotes information sharing throughout the world. India’s high standard of education and wide range of cultural experiences have made it a popular choice for overseas students as well. Cultural Interaction: 1. Cultural Diversity: India is renowned for its wide range of customs, languages, dances, music genres, and artistic expressions. Through partnerships, festivals, and cultural events, this diversity is exhibited on a worldwide scale. 2. International events: To foster appreciation and knowledge of other cultures, India actively takes part in and organises international cultural events. Cross-cultural exchanges take place on stages such as music festivals, art shows, and film festivals. 3. Cultural diplomacy: To strengthen relations with foreign countries, the Indian government practices cultural diplomacy. This entails promoting appreciation and understanding between people by presenting Indian literature, music, dance, and art around the world. 4. Tourism: Travellers from all over the world are drawn to India by its rich cultural legacy. The historical sites, temples, and celebrations offer a direct glimpse into India’s rich cultural heritage. Beyond the Headlines: India and France have maintained diplomatic relations for decades, and their ties extend beyond just political and economic aspects. By highlighting their common strategic interests in the Indo-Pacific area, both nations reiterated their commitment to maritime security and counterterrorism. Talks also centered on expanding commerce and investment, especially in digital technology, sustainable solutions, and infrastructure development. 1. Strategic Partnership: India and France declared a “Strategic Partnership” in 1998, signifying the growing importance of their relationship. This partnership covers various sectors, including defense, security, and space cooperation. 2. Defence and Security Cooperation: Defence ties between India and France have strengthened significantly. The procurement of Rafale fighter jets from France by India is a notable example of defence cooperation. The Rafale deal, signed in 2016 and finalized in 2019, is one of the largest defence deals between the two countries. 3. Space Cooperation: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the French space agency CNES (Centre National d’Études Spatiales) have collaborated on various space missions. Both countries have shown interest in joint satellite launches and other space-related projects. 4. Cultural and Educational Exchanges: Beyond politics and economics, India and France have also promoted cultural exchanges. Educational ties have been strengthened through student exchange programs and collaborations between universities. 5. Economic Cooperation: Economic cooperation between India and France has grown steadily. Both countries have shown interest in enhancing trade and investment. France has been supportive of India’s

Fact Sheet

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Universal Appeal of Bhagwan Ram

Bhagwan Ram is a paragon of humanity, representing values such as integrity, morality, being an ideal son, an ideal husband, and, most importantly, a perfect king. His life and acts exemplify him as the Maryada Purushottam Bhagwan Ram, showcasing a natural embodiment of virtuous attributes. Concurrently, his biography, Ramayana, has long inspired these principles and beliefs, encouraging individuals to attain their distinct humanity for generations. Undoubtedly, Bhagwan Ram surpasses geographical limits. Although visible evidence of Bhagwan Ram’s existence may be a little less, the enduring ideas and values associated with Bhagwan Ram are still evident worldwide. In the recent past, excavations in Italy unveiled vestiges of the Astrocon culture, showcasing distinctive murals found in several buildings. Upon closer scrutiny, it was observed that the artwork included individuals possessing tails and two men with bows and arrows on their shoulders, accompanied by a woman positioned next to them. Upon careful examination, it is evident that the stories of Ramayana undeniably influenced these paintings. A contemporary assessment of the worldwide Indian diaspora, encompassing Non-Resident Indians (NRIs), Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs), and Overseas Indians, demonstrates their existence in diverse manifestations spanning over 200 countries. The widespread influence of Bhagwan Ram in over two hundred countries is remarkable, as Indians view Maryada Purushottam Bhagwan Ram as the highest ideal. Bhagwan Ram transcends the limitations of religion, creed, and gender; he belongs to everyone and resides in every individual. Beyond Hindi and Sanskrit, the Ramayana extends its reach into languages such as French, Polish, Russian, Arabic, English, and more.

Hindus Human Rights Judiciary

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Primer: Centuries of Perseverance; Ayodhya’s Ram Janmabhoomi Temple

The Pran Pratishtha, also known as the inauguration ceremony, of the Ram Janmabhoomi Temple in Ayodhya on January 22, 2024 will mark the end of a centuries-long wait. The wait began in 1528-29 CE with the construction of the Babri structure atop Shri Ram’s temple by the Mughal ruler Babur, and will finally culminate in the construction of the majestic temple. This journey has been filled with perseverance, resilience and maturity, demonstrating the enduring spirit of the Bharatiya people. It is a testament to the fact that the drive to build a brighter future for Bharat is rooted in the principles of peace, rule of law and mutual respect.

Disinformation Fact Sheet Geopolitics Hindus Human Rights Misinformation Policy

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Situational Analysis: Persecution of Bangladesh’s Hindus Intensifies

At the time of India’s independence from British colonialism in 1947, the predominantly Muslim eastern portion of Bengal province because East Pakistan, which declared independence as Bangladesh in 1971. The circumstances facing the Hindu population in Bangladesh are alarming. Being a minority in a largely Muslim nation, they are subjected to various forms of persecution, including theft, physical aggression, sexual violence, coerced conversions to Islam, desecration of religious sanctuaries, illegal confiscation of properties, and forced displacement. This analysis underscores the adversities encountered by Hindus in Bangladesh. The Hindu population has significantly dwindled over the last seventy years.

Hindus World

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Bhagwan Ram Temple: A sneak peek at its marvellous features

As January 22 gets closer, the excitement of Bhagwan Ram worshipers is also intensifying. Individuals inside and outside the country look forward to the magnificent ceremony in Ayodhya as they identify themselves with Bhagwan Ram’s values and principles. This much-anticipated Pran Pratistha ceremony is a religious emblem and a work of architectural and environmental excellence. Shri Ram Tirtha Kshetra Trust has unveiled a map of the 70-acre complex, providing enthusiasts with a full grasp of the precise planning that went into the temple’s layout, architecture, and construction. Architectural Marvel: The temple’s construction is designed carefully, considering ancient Indian architecture. Although the temple is grand in terms of area, it is also ready to guide coming generations by embracing the cultural heritage of India with equal grandeur. The temple is a tall structure consisting of three floors, each measuring 20 feet in height, 250 feet in width, and 380 feet in length from east to west. The structure stands at a towering height of 161 feet and has a total of 392 pillars and 44 doors, all meticulously crafted in the old Nagara architectural style. Worshippers will enter the temple from the east, ascending 32 steps through the Singh Dwar (Gate), and will exit through the south side. Significance of Percota: Upon entering the temple, devotees will immediately sense a profound religious ambience. Every pillar and space within the temple has been meticulously designed with minute detailing, ensuring a spiritual experience for devotees. With 732-metre-long and 14-feet-wide Percota, enhancing its aesthetic appeal, the temple’s corners have been dedicated to the Sun God, Maa Bhagwati, Bhagwan Ganesha, and Bhagwan Shiv. A separate temple dedicated to Bhagwan Hanuman, who provided unwavering loyalty to Bhagwan Ram, will be situated in the northern side & another temple adorned with Mata Annapurna on the Southern side of the temple compound, with a touch of spiritual profundity. Intricate inclusion within the complex: The journey of becoming Maryada Purushottam Bhagwan Ram was not accomplished by sole efforts. According to the epic Ramayana, Bhagwan Ram’s exile to the forest, abduction of Mata Sita, Ravana’s death, and his return to Ayodhya after 14 years, he received invaluable assistance from numerous souls whose contribution remains indelible. Accordingly, the primary temple complex would include temples devoted to Rishi Valmiki, Rishi Vashishtha, Rishi Vishwamitra, Rishi Agastya, King Nishad, Mata Shabari, and Mata Ahilya. This intricate inclusion pays homage to the rich fabric of Hindu history and spirituality. Pilgrim facilities and environmental sustainability: In addition to its role as a spiritual centre, the temple complex also holds significant cultural value for devotees of Bhagwan Ram. A convenience centre is being developed to facilitate the needs of all pilgrims visiting for Bhagwan Ram’s darshan. This centre will have the capacity to house the necessary belongings of 25 thousand pilgrims, assuring visitors a smooth and hassle-free experience. A hospital located on the premises offers medical treatment for health conditions. Furthermore, the amenities encompass a spacious restroom facility, two sewage treatment plants, a water purification facility, and a dedicated electricity supply line. A fire brigade station is dedicated to maintaining stable groundwater levels by extracting water from an underground reservoir. This holistic approach to infrastructure development is linked to the vision of creating a sustainable and eco-friendly campus. Cultural preservation: The endeavour is commendable as the construction is completely focused on Indian culture and indigenous technology with strong emphasis on sustainable water conservation. The temple complex prominently showcases ancient trees, with 70 percent of the 70-acre space covered with lush greenery. This seamless traditional integration and contemporary elements establishes a model for future architectural endeavours. Bhagwan Ram Temple in Ayodhya is not merely a religious structure but evidence of exceptional architectural competence, meticulous aesthetics, and an unwavering dedication to environmental sustainability. As the Pran Pratishtha approaches, the temple’s unveiling will symbolise a significant spiritual milestone and showcase India’s cultural legacy and commitment to a more sustainable and environmentally conscious future.

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Supreme Court’s Historic Hearing on Amendment of Article 370 of Indian Constitution

In a significant judicial endeavour, the Supreme Court of India, led by a five-judge Constitution Bench comprising Chief Justice DY Chandrachud, Justices Sanjay Kishan Kaul, Sanjiv Khanna, BR Gavai, and Surya Kant, was tasked with adjudicating a series of petitions challenging the Centre’s decision to revoke Article 370. This bench faced the formidable task of navigating through a maze of constitutional, political, and social considerations. The hearings, which extended over 16 days, followed by a deliberation period of over three months, culminated in a historic verdict delivered on December 11, 2023. This verdict was not merely a legal interpretation of the Constitution. It delved deep into the multifaceted relationship between the Indian government and the Jammu & Kashmir region, addressing broader implications encompassing political, social, and human rights dimensions. On this landmark day, the Supreme Court rendered a judgment that resonated with the foundational principles of the Indian Constitution. The Court upheld the sovereignty and integrity of India, a core value that resonates deeply with every Indian citizen. In its ruling, the Supreme Court made a pivotal observation that the decision made on August 5, 2019, was aimed at enhancing constitutional integration, rather than fostering disintegration. Furthermore, the Court recognised the transient nature of Article 370, validating the government’s stance that the article was not meant to be a permanent feature of the Indian Constitution. This acknowledgement by the Supreme Court was crucial in reaffirming the legal and constitutional basis for the amendment of Article 370. The Supreme Court’s decision thus marked a seminal moment in India’s constitutional history. It provided judicial clarity on a contentious issue, reaffirming the principles of national unity and constitutional governance. The judgment also set a precedent for how constitutional changes of such magnitude are to be perceived and interpreted in the context of India’s evolving political and social landscape.

Geopolitics Guest Column Hindus Leadership Media Policy Security World

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Supreme Court’s Verdict on the Amendment of Article 370 is Historic: PM

Narendra Modi The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi said that the Supreme Court’s verdict on the abrogation of Article 370 is historic and constitutionally upholds the decision taken by the Parliament of India on 5th August 2019. Shri Modi also said that the Court, in its profound wisdom, has fortified the very essence of unity that we, as Indians, hold dear and cherish above all else. The Prime Minister posted on X; “Today’s Supreme Court verdict on the abrogation of Article 370 is historic and constitutionally upholds the decision taken by the Parliament of India on 5th August 2019; it is a resounding declaration of hope, progress and unity for our sisters and brothers in Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh. The Court, in its profound wisdom, has fortified the very essence of unity that we, as Indians, hold dear and cherish above all else. I want to assure the resilient people of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh that our commitment to fulfilling your dreams remains unwavering. We are determined to ensure that the fruits of progress not only reach you but also extend their benefits to the most vulnerable and marginalised sections of our society who suffered due to Article 370. The verdict today is not just a legal judgment; it is a beacon of hope, a promise of a brighter future and a testament to our collective resolve to build a stronger, more united India. #NayaJammuKashmir” (Author is Prime Minister of India)

Education Hindus Media World

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Ram Mandir Saga: Unraveling Bharat’s Timeless Cultural Heritage

In heart of Ayodhya, where history and spirituality intertwine, a monumental transformation has emerged — one that symbolizes unity, reconciliation and the shared cultural heritage of a diverse nation. The Pran Pratishtha ceremony of Maryada Purshottam Lord Shree Ram Mandir on the Janmabhoomi is set to be held on January 22, 2023. Rohan Giri Protracted and arduous journey in the run up to construct a grand temple for Lord Shree Ram is a testament to resilience and maturity of Bharatiya people that seek to build a future on understanding and mutual respect. This grand temple and consecration of Lord Ram scheduled for January 22 next year symbolizes national unity, reminding us that, despite our differences, we share common history and rich cultural roots. Construction of Ram Mandir has paved the way for a new era of inclusivity in Bharat. The project concerned reconstructing a magnificent temple, healing wounds and fostering a sense of belonging among all communities. The site has been transformed into a symbol of shared heritage, inviting people from all walks of life to come together and celebrate Bharat’s cultural mosaic. Before delving into the ongoing construction of Ram mandir in Ayodhya, we must acquaint ourselves with a timeless story that transcends epochs, echoing the collective heartbeat of a nation. The saga unfolds in Treta Yuga, as Ayodhya etches its indelible mark in the historical scrolls as the majestic capital of Ikshvaku dynasty. Under the reign of King Dasarath, the city witnessed birth of Bhagwan Shree Ram, the paragon of virtue. Ayodhya’s historical roots delve into the ancient scriptures of Ramayana and Skanda Purana, narrating the story of the birth of revered Shree Ram. Hindu epic Ramayana tells the saga of Shree Ram’s exile, the abduction of mata Sita, and his triumphant return to Ayodhya. As time unfolded into Dvapara Yuga, Ram mandir persisted as symbol of reverence, preserving the legacy of Lord Ram and the ideals he embodied. Although this age was characterized by advent of Lord Krishna, the sanctity of Ayodhya and Ram mandir endured as a revered pilgrimage site. In the contemporary era, identified as the Kali Yuga, the narrative of Ram Janmabhoomi faced formidable challenges with the advent of Islamic rulers, marking the onset of a chapter rife with destruction and radical change. The construction of the Babri Mosque atop the Ram Mandir by Mir Baqi during Babur’s reign brought about a profound alteration in the city’s landscape, giving rise to a complex juxtaposition of faiths that would unfold and resonate over centuries. In the period of Mughal invaders, Bharat harboured a multitude of temples, nearly all of which were meticulously targeted, demolished, and subsequently replaced with new or Islamic religious structures. Many temples, their historical significance now erased, serve as silent witnesses to this tumultuous period. A current national debate centres on Ram Janmabhoomi and Krishna Janmabhoomi, as they are the most revered deities in Bharat. In Hindu Dharma, temples hold profound significance, serving as centres of divine spiritual devotion, worship and as sources of culture, traditions, music, dance, education, architecture, food, yoga, meditation, and medicine. Presently, a significant majority of Bharatiyas are advocating for restoration of these heritage sites, which suffered demolition during invasions, emphasizing the necessity for redevelopment. Additionally, there is a growing call for the establishment of proper maintenance mechanisms for the most significant temples, especially those in remote areas. Centuries later, after a 134-year-long cultural, historical, and civilizational legal battle, the essence of Ayodhya was reaffirmed in the Supreme Court’s unanimous verdict in 2019. This landmark decision rested on concrete evidence rather than mere faith, marking a significant moment in the sacred land’s enduring journey. The decision paved the way for the construction of the Ram Mandir, a symbol of hope and unity for millions of devotees globally. Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s auspicious pooja on August 5, 2020, marked the official commencement of the Mandir’s construction—a moment etched in the annals of history. Historical turbulence notwithstanding, Ayodhya’s spirit endured, transcending borders and resonating globally. Devotion for Bhagwan Ram extends beyond Bharat, with Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Indonesia, and other nations expressing reverence for Ayodhya’s cultural significance. The Pran Pratishtha, consecration ceremony of the Ram Mandir stands as a poignant reminder of the shared values that unite the people of Bharat. The Mandir’s grandeur symbolizes deep devotion to Lord Ram and represents a collective determination to transcend historical grievances and welcome a future marked by shared prosperity. Ayodhya holds a sacred place alongside Mathura and Haridwar, encapsulating the cultural and spiritual essence of Sanatan Dharma. (Rohan is a journalism graduate from Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC) New Delhi, and Manager Operations at CIHS.)

Disinformation Fact Sheet Hindus Human Rights Misinformation

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Expose on glaring bias against Hindus: Georgetown University’s Bridge Initiative

In a report dated November 24, 2023, titled ‘Hindutva in Britain,’ a collaborative effort between US based Bridge Initiative at Georgetown University and UK’s Community Policy Forum – an entity claiming to protect Muslim interests in the UK – was published. The report aspired to falsely implicate Hindus and Hindu-centric organisations for anti-India, anti-Hindu unrest in Leicester, the UK. A narrative previously dismantled by several leading UK based independent think tanks including Henry Jackson Societ] and US based National Contagion Research Institute (NCRI), a prominent cyber threat intelligence organisation.

Disinformation Insurgency Misinformation Pakistan Policy Security World

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Bharat’s G-20 Presidency for World

Roadmap for human centric, inclusive & green development with climate justice; re-designing multilateral banks, leadership for global south big takeaways Narendra Modi During its time, India achieved the extraordinary: It revitalised multilateralism, amplified the voice of the Global South, championed development, and fought for the empowerment of women. Today marks 365 days since India assumed the G20 presidency. It is a moment to reflect, recommit, and rejuvenate the spirit of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam — “One Earth, One Family, One Future”. As we undertook this responsibility last year, the global landscape grappled with multifaceted challenges: Recovery from the Covid-19 pandemic, looming climate threats, financial instability, and debt distress in developing nations — all amid declining multilateralism. In the midst of conflicts and competition, development cooperation suffered, impeding progress. Assuming the G20 chair, India sought to offer the world an alternative to the status quo, a shift from a GDP-centric to human-centric progress. India aimed to remind the world of what unites us, rather than what divides us. Finally, the global conversation had to evolve — the interests of the few had to give way to the aspirations of the many. This required a fundamental reform of multilateralism as we knew it. Inclusive, ambitious, action-oriented, and decisive — these four words defined our approach as G20 president, and the New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration (NDLD), unanimously adopted by all G20 members, is testimony to our commitment to deliver on these principles. Inclusivity has been at the heart of our presidency. The inclusion of African Union (AU) as a permanent member of G20 integrated 55 African nations into the forum, expanding it to encompass 80 per cent of the global population. This proactive stance has fostered a more comprehensive dialogue on global challenges and opportunities. The first-of-its-kind ‘Voice of the Global South Summit’, convened by India in two editions heralded a new dawn for multilateralism. India mainstreamed the Global South’s concerns in the international discourse and has ushered in an era where developing countries take their rightful place in shaping the global narrative. Inclusivity also infused India’s domestic approach to G20, making it a People’s Presidency that befits the world’s largest democracy. Through “Jan Bhagidari” (people’s participation) events, the G20 reached 1.4 billion citizens, involving all states and Union Territories (UTs) as partners. And on substantive elements, India ensured that international attention was directed to broader developmental aims, aligning with the G20’s mandate. At the critical midpoint of the 2030 agenda, India delivered the G20 2023 Action Plan to Accelerate Progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), taking a cross-cutting, action-oriented approach to interconnected issues, including health, education, gender equality and environmental sustainability. A key area driving this progress is the robust Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI). Here, India was decisive in its recommendations, having witnessed the revolutionary impact of digital innovations like Aadhaar, UPI, and Digilocker first-hand. Through the G20, we successfully completed the Digital Public Infrastructure Repository, a significant stride in global technological collaboration. This repository, featuring over 50 DPIs from 16 countries, will help the Global South build, adopt, and scale DPI to unlock the power of inclusive growth. For our One Earth, we introduced ambitious and inclusive aims to create urgent, lasting, and equitable change. The Declaration’s Green Development Pact addresses the challenges of choosing between combating hunger and protecting the planet, by outlining a comprehensive roadmap where employment and ecosystems are complimentary, consumption is climate-conscious, and production is planet-friendly. In tandem, the G20 Declaration calls for an ambitious tripling of global renewable energy capacity by 2030. Coupled with the establishment of the Global Biofuels Alliance and a concerted push for Green Hydrogen, the G20’s ambitions to build a cleaner, greener world are undeniable. This has always been India’s ethos, and through Lifestyles for Sustainable Development (LiFE), the world can benefit from our age-old sustainable traditions. Further, the Declaration underscores our commitment to climate justice and equity, urging substantial financial and technological support from the Global North. For the first time, there was a recognition of the quantum jump needed in the magnitude of development financing, moving from billions to trillions of dollars. The G20 acknowledged that developing countries require $5.9 trillion to fulfil their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) by 2030. Given the monumental resources required, the G20 emphasised the importance of better, larger, and more effective Multilateral Development Banks. Concurrently, India is taking a leading role in UN reforms, especially in the restructuring of principal organs like the UN Security Council that will ensure a more equitable global order. Gender equality took centre stage in the Declaration, culminating in the formation of a dedicated Working Group on the Empowerment of Women next year. India’s Women’s Reservation Bill 2023, reserving one-third of India’s Parliament and state legislative assembly seats for women, epitomises our commitment to women-led development. The New Delhi Declaration embodies a renewed spirit of collaboration across these key priorities, focusing on policy coherence, reliable trade, and ambitious climate action. It is a matter of pride that during our presidency, G20 achieved 87 outcomes and 118 adopted documents, a marked rise from the past. During our G20 presidency, India led deliberations on geopolitical issues and their impact on economic growth and development. Terrorism and the senseless killing of civilians are unacceptable, and we must address them with a policy of zero tolerance. We must embody humanitarianism over hostility and reiterate that this is not an era of war. I am delighted that during our presidency, India achieved the extraordinary: It revitalised multilateralism, amplified the voice of the Global South, championed development, and fought for the empowerment of women everywhere. As we hand over the G20 presidency to Brazil, we do so with the conviction that our collective steps for people, planet, peace, and prosperity, will resonate for years to come. (Author is Prime Minister of India)

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